![]() This is thought to be due to the small radiator size, as well as from losses caused by the antenna structures, such as the shorted meander lines. However, its measured peak gain and radiation efficiency were only 1.35 dBi and 62%, respectively. Recently, a 0.145 λ 0 0.172 λ 0 at 2.03 GHz co-planar waveguide (CPW) type ZOR antenna was presented in. The drawbackof this design is in the difficulties found in manufacturing the antenna. One approach used for ZOR antenna radiation efficiency has been to increase the vertical via-hole height over the improvement ground plane using an air substrate. Various solutions designed to improve the ZOR an- tenna’s efficiency have been under investigation. However, small ZOR antennas employing a CRLH resonator made up of two or three cells suffer from a low radiation efficiency and poor gain in the zeroth-order resonant mode. In order to further reduce the antenna size, a spiral slot structure on the ground was used the measured peak gain and radiation efficiency of this antenna were – 0.28 dBi and 62%, respectively. The peak gain and radiation efficiency of this antenna were 0.87 dBi and 70%, respectively. In, a mushroom-type two unit-cells ZORA with the small size of 0.17 λ 0 0.17 λ 0 at 3.38 GHz was presented. Many techniques have been employed in order to miniaturize the composite right/left handed (CRLH) transmission line (TL) unit cell size, such as using meander line shunt stubs or using the Sievenpiper’s mushroom structure. Introduction Zeroth-order resonant (ZOR) antenna manufactured on microstrip transmission lines has attracted great interest in the small antenna applications.
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